Anna Arnold Hedgeman, Civil Rights Activist, Feminist

Anna Arnold Hedgeman, Civil Rights Activist, Feminist article edited with additions by Jone Johnson Lewis Dates: July 5, 1899Â  -Â  January 17, 1990Known for: African-American feminist; civil rights activist; founding member of NOW Anna Arnold Hedgeman was a civil rights activist and an early leader in the National Organization for Women. She worked throughout her life on issues such as education, feminism, social justice, poverty and civil rights. A Pioneer for Civil Rights Anna Arnold Hedgemans lifetime of accomplishments included many firsts: First black woman to graduate from Hamline University (1922) - the university now has a scholarship named for herFirst black woman to serve on a New York City mayoral cabinet (1954-1958)First black person to hold a Federal Security Agency position Anna Arnold Hedgeman was also the only woman on the executive committee that organized Martin Luther King, Jr.s famous March on Washington in 1963. Patrik Henry Bass called her instrumental in organizing the march and the conscience of the march in his book Like A Mighty Stream: The March on Washington August 28, 1963 (Running Press Book Publishers, 2002). When Anna Arnold Hedgeman realized there were going to be no female speakers at the event, she protested the minimal recognition of women who were civil rights heroes. She succeeded in persuading the committee that this oversight was a mistake, which led eventually to Daisy Bates being invited to speak that day at the Lincoln Memorial. NOW Activism Anna Arnold Hedgeman served temporarily as the first executive vice-president of NOW. Aileen Hernandez, who had been serving on the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, was elected executive vice-president in absentia when the first NOW officers were selected in 1966. Anna Arnold Hedgeman served as temporary executive vice-president until Aileen Hernandez officially stepped down from the EEOC and took the NOW position in March 1967. Anna Arnold Hedgeman was the first chair of NOWs Task Force on Women in Poverty. In her 1967 task force report, she called for a meaningful expansion of economic opportunities for women and said there were no jobs or opportunities for women at the bottom of the heap to move into. Her suggestions included job training, job creation, regional and city planning, attention to high school dropouts and an end to the ignoring of women and girls in federal job and poverty-related programs. Other Activism In addition to NOW, Anna Arnold Hedgeman was involved with organizations including the YWCA, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the National Urban League, the National Council of Churches Commission on Religion and Race and the National Council for a Permanent Fair Employment Practices Commission. She ran for Congress and president of the New York City Council, drawing attention to social issues even when she lost the elections. A 20th Century Life in the United States Anna Arnold was born in Iowa and grew up in Minnesota. Her mother was Mary Ellen Parker Arnold, and her father, William James Arnold II, was a businessman. The family was the only black family in Anoka, Iowa, where Anna Arnold grew up. Â  She graduated from high school in 1918, and then became the first black graduate of Hamline University in Saint Paul, Minnesota. Unable to find a teaching job in Minnesota where a black woman would be hired, Anna Arnold taught in Mississippi at Rust College. She could not accept living under Jim Crow discrimination, so she returned north to work for the YWCA. She worked at black YWCA branches in four states, ending up finally in Harlem, New York City. In New York in 1933, Anna Arnold married Merritt Hedgeman, a musician and performer. Â   During the Depression, she was a consultant on racial problems for the Emergency Relief Bureau of New York City, studying near-slavery conditions of black women who worked in domestic service in the Bronx, and studying Puerto Rican conditions in the city. Â  When World War II began, she worked as a civil defense official, advocating for black workers in war industries. In 1944 she went to work for an organization advocating for fair employment practices. Â  Unsuccessful at getting fair employment legislation passed, she returned to the academic world, working as an assistant dean for women at Howard University in New York. In the 1948 election, she was executive director of the presidential re-election campaign for Harry S Truman. After he was reelected, she went to work for his government, working on issues of race and employment. Â  She was the first woman and the first African American to be part of a mayoral cabinet in New York City, appointed by Robert Wagner, Jr., to advocate for the poor. As a laywoman, she signed a 1966 black power statement by black members of the clergy which appeared in the New York Times. In the 1960s she worked for religious organizations, advocating for higher education and racial reconciliation. Â  It was in her role as a part of religious and womens communities that she advocated strongly for the participation of white Christians in the 1963 March on Washington. She wrote the books The Trumpet Sounds: A Memoir of Negro Leaership (1964) and The Gift of Chaos: Decades of American Discontent (1977).Anna Arnold Hedgeman died in Harlem in 1990.

Ap Biology Lab Report 4 Essays

Ap Biology Lab Report 4 Essays Ap Biology Lab Report 4 Paper Ap Biology Lab Report 4 Paper Introduction This study was performed in order to gain more knowledge on mitosis and meiosis. This lab was done by observing mitosis in plant and animal cells, comparing the relative lengths of the stages of mitosis in onion root tip cells, stimulating the stages of meiosis, observing evidence of crossing-over in meiosis using Sordaria fimicola, and estimating the distance of a gene locus from its centromere. Mitosis is the scientific term for nuclear cell division, where the nucleus of the cell divides, resulting in two sets of identical chromosomes. Mitosis is accompanied by cytokinesis in which the end result is two completely separate cells called daughter cells. There are four phases of mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Meiosis is a two-part cell division process in organisms that sexually reproduce. Meiosis produces gametes with one half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. There are two stages of meiosis: meiosis I and meiosis II. At the end of the meiotic process, four daughter cells are produced. Each of the resulting daughter cells has one half of the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Mitosis was studied first in this lab. The phases of onion root tips were observed under a microscope. The crossing-over of chromosomes in meiosis was observed by viewing photos. Hypothesis If looking under a 400 power microscope, than it is possible to observe mitosis occurring in whitefish blastula and onion root tips. If crossing-over occurs in meiosis, than the genes do not segregate until meiosis II. Materials and Methods All materials and methods followed based off of lab manual. Results Activity A: Observing Mitosis Interphase Cells Plant Cell Animal Cell Prophase Cells The cellular organelles doubled in number, the DNA replicated, and protein synthesis occurred. The chromosomes are not visible and the DNA appears as uncoiled chromatin. Prophase Plant Cell Animal Cell The chromatin condensed and the chromosomes became visible. The nucleolus disappeared, and the spindle forms and attaches to the centromeres of the chromosomes. Early and late prophase can be seen. In late prophase, the chromatin has condensed into chromosomes, the nucleolus is gone, and the nuclear envelope has been removed. Metaphase Cells Plant Cell Animal Cell The nuclear membrane fragmentation is complete and the duplicated chromosomes lined up along the cells equator. Anaphase Cells Plant Cell Animal Cell Diploid sets of daughter chromosomes separated and were pushed and pulled toward opposite poles of the cell. This was accomplished by the polymerization and depolymerization of the microtubules that helped to form the mitotic spindle. Telophase Cells Plant Cell Animal Cell The nuclear membrane and nucleoli reformed, cytokinesis is almost done, and the chromosomes uncoiled to chromatin. Daughter Cells Plant Cell Animal Cell The daughter cells formed and constructed a new dividing cell wall between them. Each daughter cell received a copy of the genome of its parent’s cell. Analysis of Results, Activity A: Observing Mitosis 1. I can infer that the two cells came from the cell a long time ago because they have similar organelles. 2. Two ways that mitosis differs in the cells of animals and higher plants is in cytokinesis and right before prophase. In plant cells, there is a pre-prophase right before prophase takes place. . A) Nuclear envelope disappears in prophase; nuclear envelope reappears in telophase B) Mitotic spindle forms in prophase; mitotic spindle disappears in telophase C) Chromatin condenses into chromosomes in prophase; chromosomes unwind to form chromatin in telophase D) Centrosomes are at opposite ends of the cell in metaphase E) Nucleolus disappears in prophase 4. The three sub phases of interphase are the G1 phase, S phase, and the G2 phase. I n the G1 phase, cell synthesizes proteins and produces cytoplasmic organelles. In the S phase, DNA synthesis occurs, and in the G2 phase, the cell beings forming the spindle. 5. Both prokaryotic cell division and eukaryotic cell division replicate their DNA and use the process of cytokinesis. Activity B: Estimating the Relative Lengths of Mitotic Phases Table 1: Group Count | Number of Cells| | Field 1| Field 2| Field 3| Total 1-3| Interphase| 52| 46| 57| 155| Prophase| 22| 25| 29| 76| Metaphase| 16| 11| 9| 36| Anaphase| 5| 8| 5| 18| Telophase| 14| 10| 8| 32| | Total| 317| Table 2: Class Data Class Totals| Decimal Fraction of Total Count| Estimated Time Spent in Phase| Interphase| 582| . 46| 13968| Prophase| 305| . 24| 7320| Metaphase| 148| . 12| 3552| Anaphase| 65| . 05| 1560| Telophase| 171| . 13| 4104| Total Cells Counted| 1271| | Analysis of Results, Activity B: Estimating the Relative Lengths of Mitotic Phases Pie Graph 2. Stages of Mitosis Ranked 1) Interphase 2) Prophase 3) Metaphase 4) Anaphase 5) Telophase 3. Some phases of mitosis are longer than othe rs because each phase has a different task, and some of the tasks of the phases are harder than others. For example, interphase takes longer than other phases because the nuclear envelope fragments and the microtubules attach to the chromosomes. Telophase takes the least amount of time because chromosomes only go to opposite ends of the cell and a nuclear membrane forms. Activity C: Simulating Meiosis Analysis of Results, Activity C: Simulating Meiosis 1. Sixteen combinations of the two chromosomes are possible. 2. Number of chromosome combinations= 3. There are possible combinations of chromosomes for human gametes. 4. There are possible combinations of chromosomes for the offspring. 5. The relationship of meiosis to variation in populations is that genes are able to move themselves and combine with different sets of genes that aren’t present in the parent. This causes a higher chance of survival. 6. Three ways that meiosis differs from mitosis are that meiosis occurs in reproductive cells, while mitosis occurs in somatic cells. In meiosis, a mitotic mother cell is always diploid, while in mitosis a mother cell can be haploid or diploid. In meiosis, two divisions of the mother cell causes four meiotic cells, while in mitosis, a single division of the mother cell causes two daughter cells. Activity D: Crossing-Over and Map Units Analysis Results, Activity D: Crossing-Over and Map Units Table 3 | No. of MI Asci (4:4)| No. of MII Asci (2:4:2 or 2:2:2:2)| Total Asci| %MII Asci (No. of MII/Total)| Gene-to Centromere Distance (%MI/2)| Group Data| 45| 65| 110| 59%| 29. 5 (30)| 1. Crossing-over increases genetic variation because when the chromatids exchange sections with each other, they get new combinations of alleles that their parents had, which causes more chromatids. . I would expect to find more genetic variation in the population of species B because it’s undergoing sexual reproduction. In sexual reproduction there is more changeability because the new generation has many combinations of the genes of the two parent organisms. 3. I would conclude that there was no occurrence of recombination since the MI Asci w ould be a 4:4 ratio. Discussion My results proved my hypothesis. This is so because by looking through the microscope it was possible to view the stages of mitosis in the onion root tip and the whitefish blastula. The stages of mitosis that were visible were prophase, anaphase, telophase, interphase, and metaphase. The time spent in each phase was also figured out. Interphase was the phase that the cell spends most of its life in. Telophase was the shortest phase. We stimulated the stages of meiosis using red and yellow magnetic beads. Crossing-over in Sordaria was observed by looking at photos. Afterwards, the map units were determined. We discovered that the distance of the gene relative to the centromere in the Sordaria was fifty-nine map units.

Yunnans Lucky Airs Balanced Scorecard Case Study

Yunnans Lucky Airs Balanced Scorecard - Case Study Example Furthermore technology is also changing the manner in which businesses operate. For example, technological developments have led to the development of e-commerce which enables companies to sell products through online channels using internet communication. Organisations must also respond to the needs of multiple stakeholders such as environmental protection agencies that require companies to reduce the amount of CO2 emissions. While shareholder value maximisation remains the main objective of every company, companies must first satisfy the needs of other stakeholders to be able to properly maximise shareholder value.To determine whether it is performing well, that is meeting the needs of its different stakeholders, a company must use a set of performance measures to gauge its performance against pre-determined targets and against the performance of its competitors.Until recently, the main focus of many companies had been on the use of financial performance measures. These measures fo cused only on the financial performance of the company. While financial performance measures remain an integral part of performance measurement, they are not the only measures of organisational success. Recent developments suggest that non-financial performance measures also have an important role to play in determining organisational success or failure. One of the most commonly used performance measurement tools that incorporate both financial and non-financial performance measures is the balanced scorecard. There are a number of reasons why an organisation should adopt a balanced scorecard. These are detailed in the letter to the Chief Executive Officer of Lucky Air Below. From: The Chief Financial Offer To: The Chief Executive Officer of Lucky Air Re: Adoption of the Balanced Scorecard by Yunnan Lucky Air Dear Sir, I am writing to express concerns to the current performance measures employed by Lucky Air. I believe that these measures are not in line with today's globalised, technologically driven, and customer focused business environment. Lucky Air continues to measure performance from the shareholder performance whereas there a are a host of interested groups of stakeholders that require information on how their needs are being met by Lucky Air. Given these issues, I will like Lucky Air to implement the balanced scorecard. The balanced scorecard is a performance report that is based on a broad set of financial and non-financial performance measures. The balanced scorecard is made up of four main perspectives (Kaplan and Northon, 1996, 2000; Malina and Selto, 2001; Blocher et al., 2005). These include Financial, Customer, internal business processes, and the learning and growth perspectives (Malina and Selto, 2001). I believe that adopting the balanced scorecard will enable Lucky Air to impro ve the manner in which it performs its services to multiple stakeholders as this will enable Lucky Air to set realisable targets and work towards achieving those targets. For example, the internal business perspectives will enable Lucky Air to improve on quality of service, productivity and safety (Libby et al., 2002). From the foregoing, I believe that adopting the Balanced scorecard will tremendously improve the way Lucky Air is measuring performance and thus determine how Lucky Air is performing compared to the industry as a whole. Best Regards, Chief Financial Officer. 2. Gap Analysis of Lucky Air Within four years of its incorporation, Yunnan Lucky Air's revenues had grown to a US$104.3 million which corroborates that it has

Carry out a critical and comparative analysis of early chidhood Essay

Carry out a critical and comparative analysis of early chidhood education and care in the united kingdom and Denmark or Sweden - Essay Example Different areas of early education will be critically analyzed, and a concluding solution will also be given. Statements supporting different early education systems will also be provided along with its limitations. Differences in curriculum, welfare, readiness for school, learning for school and construction of early education institutions will be discussed. How childhood is constructed in both these areas will be the main discussion, in which different arguments will be supported or refuted using various sources. When two years of age, a child starts developing attachment with parents or guardian. Therefore, early childhood care and education carries great importance. At the same time, the child starts learning after he is seven months of age. Thus, providing children with right blend of education and care in early ages can help mould them in well educated and nurtured individuals. UK and Sweden, both countries provide pre-school nursing and education. However, differences lie in other factors such as curriculum, structure, welfare, family care and society. Comparative analysis is made of both the countries based on various articles by BBC, national and UNESCO reports, national surveys, journals and views/comments and articles of residents of UK and Sweden. Reports and surveys by authorized and trusted sources are used as they are authentic. While articles of residents and their views are considered as they provide first hand knowledge. Where national reports have a tendency to be biased, articles by individuals are expected to show a more realistic picture. While carrying out Comparative analysis, difficulties are involved, such as authenticity, relevance and contradictions among different sources. Some case studies used are quite old and there relevance maybe questioned, however, they are used in order to support other arguments. Childcare in Sweden makes up the children belonging to the

Torts Law Problem Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Torts Law Problem - Case Study Example His actions could therefore be interpreted as being binding upon MoreeRE Company, and thus establishing liability on the company under the doctrine vicarious liability. In order to file suit under the tort of negligence successfully, Cathy has to prove that there was duty of care owed to her by MooreRE Company and because of a breach of this duty of care, she suffered loss and damage. In the English case of Donoghue vs. Stevenson,2 the duty of care was established as a fundamental requirement in any action for a tort of negligence. The court defined this duty as the fundamental duty of not undertaking an action where it is reasonably foreseeable that an act or omission would injure or bring about loss or damage to those whom it is reasonably foreseeable that an act or omission would injure or bring about loss and damage to those whom it is reasonably foreseeable that they would be affected by such an act or omission. Section 52 of the Australian Trade Practices Act 1974 provides that , â€Å"A company shall not, in trade or commerce, participate in conduct that is misrepresentative or deceptive, or is likely to mislead or deceive.† From this provision, it is arguable that MoreeRE owed Cathy a duty of care not to engage in any conduct or making of statements that could be deemed as misleading or deceptive with the aim of procuring advantage thereof. The representation made by John to Cathy was misleading and it is in the reliance of this representation that Cathy secured the sale of her house for $100,000 less than the actual market value. This can be interpreted as a direct violation of the duty of care owed to Cathy by MooreRE Corporation, and because of this, she suffered loss. It is thus arguable that MooreRE breached this duty of care once their agent made those false representations. Reliance on the representation resulting from the breach of the duty of care the corporation owed to Cathy led her to suffer loss and damage, hence completing the requir ements needed for a successful claim under the tort of negligence. It is thus obvious that Cathy’s loss can be attributed directly to the breach of this duty of care that was owed to her by MooreRE Corporation. Cathy could also succeed in a claim of the tort of negligence under the tort of misrepresentation. The cause of action could arise from either fraudulent misrepresentation or innocent misrepresentation. A misrepresentation occurs when person makes a statement, on whose reliance makes another person to act upon this statement, and as result of this reliance, the party suffers loss and damage. A misrepresentation could thus be either an innocent misrepresentation or a fraudulent misrepresentation. A representation is fraudulent if the party making such a representation makes it with the intention that a party will rely on it, and such reliance will be beneficial to him. A representation, on the other hand, amounts to an innocent misrepresentation where the party making t he statement is unaware of the consequences of such a representation, and the party relying on such a representation suffers loss and damage from such representation. In the scenario, John’s representation cannot be termed as a fraudulent misrepresentation as he did not have the fraudulent intention to defraud Cathy through the transaction. This is because he thought he was carrying out business for his company with the

Environmental Differences That Google Is Facing In China Media Essay

Environmental Differences That Google Is Facing In China Media Essay The Peoples Republic of China operates an Internet filtering system which is widely considered to be one of the most sophisticated in the world. It works, in part, by inspecting web (HTTP) traffic to determine if specific keywords are present. These keywords relate to matters such as groups that the Chinese Government has banned, political ideologies that they consider unacceptable and historical events that the regime does not wish to have discussed. 1. This interview illustrates the complex environment faced by companies who want to operate in other countries-political, technological, cultural, and ethical. Discuss in detail the specific environmental differences and difficulties that Google is facing in china? United State Google is the leading Internet search engine company in the world which started providing its services in China in 2000.In China, the internet content was heavily censored by the government and users searching on Googles site experienced inordinate delays. Chinas Internet is completely state-owned and it is clear that the Chinese government wants to control what information flows into China and where. It seems that there are different kinds of government censorship. The first one is censorship of citizens within a country and the second one is censorship of citizens who is trying to access information outside. Chinese government put surveillance points at the routing level, domain level and application level to check what the internet user is looking for. Also, if the user want to access to the internet they have to sign an agreement not to access any information that threatens government security. Chinese culture also reflect Google and the people their rarely rely on e mail because they find the idea of leaving messages to be socially awkward so they prefer using mobile phone and short text message. Also, they prefer chatting and discussion face to face. Chinese user feels that Google is a foreign thing that entered their life so they didnt accept it and they preferred to use their own search engine. Chinese people and government are trying to protect their culture, political, and their society form threatens (Google). If Google want to succeed it should respect the laws and regulations, respect the public interest of Chinese people and Chinas culture and customs and shoulder due social responsibilities. 2. What is the Great Firewall of China? Explain the role of the Firewall in convincing Google to begin operation from within China instead of from foreign soil. Great Firewall of China operates, in part, by inspecting TCP packets for keywords that are to be blocked. If the keyword is present, TCP reset packets are sent to both endpoints of the connection, which then close. However, because the original packets are passed through the firewall unscathed, if the endpoints completely ignore the firewalls resets, then the connection will proceed unhindered. Once one connection has been blocked, the firewall makes further easy-to-evade attempts to block further connections from the same machine. In our experiments we were accessing a website based in China (within the Chinese firewall) from several machines based in Cambridge, England (outside the Chinese firewall). The Chinese firewall system, as currently deployed, is known to work entirely symmetrically detecting content to be filtered as it passes in both directions- and by issuing all the commands from the Cambridge end we avoided any possibility of infringing Chinese law. 3. Discuss the different methods by which the Chinese government obtains censorship of the sites. What compromises did Googles executives make about how to operate in china? What service does the company offer and what have they decided not to offer in china? How did they decide which services to eliminate? What did Google learn from yahoos experience? There are two main methods for censoring the web: For companies inside its borders, the government uses a broad array of penalties and threats to keep content clean For Websites that are outside the country, government has another impressively effective mechanism of control which called the great firewall of china. so Google decide to do some compromises in its website by censoring the most politically sensitive web sites-religious groups, democracy groupsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc. so they decided not to offer e-mail or blogging service inside china .also, they decided not to take down the existing Chinese -language version of google.com engine, however they opened new website google.cn which was very fast arrived to the Chinese users. When Google wanted to eliminate some of their services, the government would not give them a list of websites so Googles engineers found a solution by setting up a computer inside china and programmed it to try to access websites outside china to see which we bsites are blocked by firewall. Google learned from yahoo experience of handing over an e-mail users personal information to Chinese government .Google had avoided introducing any service that might get someone in jail. 4. Who are the stakeholders in this case? Discuss the concerns and rights of each set of stakeholders. How should Google prioritize the relative obligation that the company has towards those stakeholders? In general there are two types of stakeholders, internal and external stakeholders, in this case the internal stakeholders are Googles managers and employees, and the external are the government and the customers, the concern and the right of Googles managers and employees is to have environment that encourage them to perform their job well and to be innovative, the concern of the Chinese government is to make sure that its regulations are not be violated , the concern of customers in china is not be able to enjoy Googles service .Google should balance those obligations towards the stakeholders , because any shortening of one obligation will affect other stakeholders. 5.1. What role and responsibility does a technology company such as Google have towards society in general? As others corporate and organizations in the world, technology companies have role and responsibility towards society, since most people in the world are rely heavily on technology companies such as Google to exchange and gain information, and to socialize, they have critical role to provide healthy environment for all ages to use the web. The role of Technology Company is to provide the human right of communication and to promote the right of free expression, at the same time it has responsibility to protect the society to remove any harmful and illegal contents on the web such as violence and pornography, and the can use a filtering system to restrict access to offensive pages on the web, and it should collaborate with governments to report any illegal data, for example Yahoo agreed to submit specific data to U.S government that are were useful to protect children from abuse them when they are using the internet. 5.2. Should the home company culture, ethics, and politics impact how the company operates in china? I do not think that the company should conceder its home culture or politics where it operates in china, because china has special values, culture, ethics and polities that might be different from those in the companys home country and china is very insistent that MNC in china should implement the Chinese polities, otherwise it is difficult to operate in china. 5.3. To what extent do you agree with those critics about how Google is going along with Chinas censorship of the companys sites? Some people criticize Google because it always says that it is against the restriction on freedom of speech, Google CEO Eric Schmidt: Strategies governments use trying to shut down peoples speech are terrible strategies and will not succeed, this conflict between what they say and what are they doing actually in china makes some people feel that Google is hypocrite, however other people argue that the great fire wall would exit wither Google out or inside china. 6. To what extent does a company like Google promote culture convergence around the world? Is this a good thing or not? Company like Google is lowering the barriers between countries by allowing people to interact and socialize with people in other parts in the world, this will be good thing if people learn to be tolerant and accept other culture, however it will be a bad thing if bad or wrong values and habits will be transformed to other culture. 7. On balance do you agree or disagree with Googles operation model in China? Can an imperfect Internet help change a society for the better? Whose role or responsibility is that? What if any thing would you do differently? We are not agree with Google operations model because Google should think about the government policies and the culture attitudes. We dont think so that imperfect Internet help change a society for the better and every government and people who live in the country has responsibility for improve their society. U.S. Internet companies understand that the status quo is not a viable option. Pressure from activists and the media is intense and growing, and the U.S. government has made it clear that it is watching the industry closely and might force costly actions if conditions do not improve. Employee morale is also bound to suffer at these companies as individual and corporate ethics are challenged and public image deteriorates. Given that they not prepared to give up the Chinese market or to defy Chinas laws, these companies will need to chart an alternate path to address the human rights problem. Recommendations Companies should follow up on their early interest in working together and with outside parties such as the U.S. government and relevant NGOs with a firm commitment. Leverage the U.S. government and be specific as possible about how the government can help it reach the mutual goals of respecting human rights while operating in China. Test Chinese boundaries for example U.S. Internet companies can take advantage of the vagueness of Chinese law to move towards greater freedoms. If the companies cross the line, the Chinese government will likely give clear signals of their unhappiness before taking any draconian action. Transparency because the fact that neither the U.S. government nor NGO stakeholders will want to support the industry if it lacks transparency. Many in the media and the public will assume the worst of the industry without proof of the advances made. As long as a company is going to be held responsible in the court of public opinion for its actions in China, it will be better off having the control to direct those actions.

Essay --

In the short story The Ones Who Walk Away from the Omelas, Ursula Le Guin illustrates a community that is joyous. However, the community is torn because the source of their happiness is due to the choosing of an unfortunate child that resides in a basement under of the beautiful public buildings of Omelas neglected and barely ever eating. Le Guin explanation that although the people of the community are very happy, they are also very well aware of what is providing them that happiness. He writes, â€Å"all know [the child] is there†¦ They all know that it has to be there. Some of them understand why, and some do not, but they all understand that their happiness, the beauty of their city, the tenderness of their friendships, the health of their children, the wisdom of their scholars, the skill of their makers, even the abundance of their harvest and the kindly weathers of their skies, depend wholly on this child’s abominable misery† (257). This unjust and cruel pun ishment this child must endure for the sake of the community causes an ethical dilemma that tears apart the community. The ethical dilemma forces the community to acknowledge their living situation and ask themselves: What is more important? Their happiness or this child? Thus, they must make a choice to either walk away from the life and community they have lived in for their whole life because their source of happiness is at the cost of a young boys life. Or, do they continue to live in Omelas and ignore the harsh conditions that this young boy is exposed to. In the story the boy is described as a six-year-old boy that is neglected, locked away in a dirty room, abused mentally and physically, and alone(Le Guin, 257). He barely has any fat on him because all he is fed is â€Å"hal... ...e law, it does not mean that it is right and that we should be so ignorant to reason. In this situation, I would not be able to live with myself knowing that this one little boy is not being fed, being kicked, and left alone to basically die for my happiness. That is completely unacceptable. I believe that while it is innate for us to settle for comfort, we should not live a life that needs abuses someone to accomplish something. According to the categorical imperative, one should abide what they ought to do because it manifests from the moral law. Thus, I would walk away from Omelas because all people are equal and I would not be able to view this boy as a means to my end, which is happiness. Also, if that is the only way for me to achieve happiness then it is not true happiness but superficial emotion that can easily be demolished if anything happens to the boy.

Public health Essay

The difference in the roles of the public health nurse and the community health nurse lie not in the types of care offered but in the level at which this care is offered to patients. The public health nurse provides care to individuals or to the members of a family. The community health nurse, on the other hand, provides on-going care and tips to a wider base of persons within a community. The goal of the public health nurse is to promote the wellness of the persons that reside within a community, so this role is often confused with that of the community health nurse. In fact, in many regions and countries, the terms are used interchangeably. However, while the role of the public health nurse is to identify and deal with distinct illnesses being faced by persons at a given time, community health is concerned with the identifying issues in the physical and social environment that may affect the etiology of disease. The community health nurse works to educate the public regarding any such issues found to be of medical concern rather than merely to treat specific people with specific illnesses (Lundy & James, 2001).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is often the case, however, that the role of public health nursing is contained within that of community health nursing. One particular definition of community health nursing gives its role as promoting and preserving health within a given population through education and the integration â€Å"of skills relevant to both nursing and public health† (Lundy & James, 2001, p. 874). Another definition demonstrating this integration of public health nurse’s role into that of the community health nurse is found in a journal by the ACHNE. It states that â€Å"Community health nursing is a synthesis of nursing theory and public health theory applied to promoting and preserving the health of populations† (qtd. in 2001, p. 874). It can therefore be seen that community health nursing extends beyond simply promoting prevention and good health practices; it also includes some measures taken by nurses toward ameliorating the effects of diseases being suffered by individuals in a given instance. This incorporates the role of the public health nurse. Therefore, the main difference between the two still appears to be the level at which the care is offered to the members of a population. Reference Lundy, K. S. & S. James. (2001). Community health nursing: caring for the public’s health.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sudbury: Jones & Bartlett.

Mathew Restall’s Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest Essay

Mathew Restall’s Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest is a well-written book that serves an important purpose. That purpose being: the debunking of generally accepted falsehoods about the Spanish Conquest beginning in the 15th century. Restall’s book is separated into seven chapters that specifically address general myths most historians and students perceive as basic — universal truths. Restall uses the term â€Å"myth† to describe the inaccurate/fictitious depiction of history â€Å"commonly taken to be true, partially or absolutely.† These â€Å"myths† are the progenitors of unintentionally self-centered perceptions of events historically recorded in subjectivity. The Self-absorption, relating to the over exaggeration and mystification of the Spanish Conquest, germinated over time. Excitements about the â€Å"New World† took Spain by storm and subsequently lead to a heterogeneity of mythical depictions. The chapters of the book discuss seven myths; the myth of exceptional men, the king’s army, the white conquistador, completion, (mis) communication, native desolation, and superiority. Too much credit is given to the men who were apart of the conquest. These men are credited for innovating a unique skill set that allowed them to conquer the natives when in reality, they were merely utilizing strategies and techniques the Spaniards had been using for years in their conflicts in North Africa and other regions. Restall relied heavily on the writings of the conquistadors and natives to determine the truth behind all of the myth and folklore. A common myth is that the conquistadors were sent directly by the king of Spain to conquer the Americas as soldiers but Restall proves this myth to be incorrect based off of the writings of the conquistadors themselves. These men had a variety of â€Å"identities, occupations, and motivations—and were far more interesting than that.â⠂¬  Another common misconception speaks of the exclusivity and efficiency as to which the conquest was achieved. The myth is that the conquistadors conquered the America’s relatively quickly in a sovereign effort but Restall explains that the Spaniards had a lot of help from the Natives and African’s and the â€Å"completion† of conquest was anything but; as mass portions of the land remained unscathed by the conquest. Restall effortlessly explains how the conquistador myths of superior communication between the Spaniards and Natives were just as fabricated as the modern misconception of inferior communication by historians. The communication between the two, or lack thereof, fell somewhere between both myths. Restall uses his concise writing style to explain the resilience of the Natives, debunking the myth of Native desolation and how the myth of superiority derives from Eurocentric beliefs of racial dominance which lead to racist ideologies that â€Å"underpinned colonial expansion from the late fifteenth to early twentieth centuries.† Restall’s work in this book administers a revitalizing dose of truth to historic and modern misconceptions of the Spanish Conquest. The book is not very long but it is written in an entertaining prose that fluidly transitions between concepts. The arguments are solid and detailed making it almost too easy to follow. Restall’s research seemingly taunts historic perspective and makes you question how you could have ever believed the contrary. His clear and concise depiction of events paint an obvious picture of subjectivity on the part of the conquistadors and embellishment on the part of historians. The book challenges all major explanations of the Spanish Conquest and blames them on Eurocentric ideologies that boast racial superiority. It was this racist misconception that lead to an embellishment of circumstances over time. Historians rewrote history in a way that made them look far more superior then that of the Natives but Restall lays those misconceptions to rest. The book focuses on the big ideas that are – and have been – generally accepted as common knowledge, which is a much larger task than tackling ambiguous points that could be argued either way. Although this book isn’t very long, it is a very ambitious and bold correction of facile arguments that have stood the test of time. Restall’s critique and correction of the Spanish Conquest should be read on all levels of education. High school students should read this book as they begin to establish a basic level of understanding of these historical events. College students can use this text to challenge their established beliefs and grow their knowledge of the subject matter by gaining a new and exciting perspective. Teachers and professors can gain to learn more about the subject so that they may foster engaging debates and discussion in class on the course material. While this book challenges the accuracy or lack-thereof, of a specific historical event, it subsequently forces us as student, teachers and historians to view all events in history with a healthy sense of skepticism. Restall’s attempt to debunk common misconceptions or â€Å"myths† was very successful. Overall, his arguments were crisp, concise and convincing. The writing style of Restell made for an especially easy read that was as entertaining as it was informational. The ease at which he navigates through the subject matter makes you question your understanding of all major historical events. Not only should students on all levels who are interested in the subject be required to read this text but their teachers and professors as well. It’s important that teachers and professors make themselves familiar with the historical inaccuracies of this subject so that they won’t make the same mistakes and continue to proliferate the mis-education of the Spanish Conquest.

Roman-Germanic Wars Battle of the Teutoburg Forest

Roman-Germanic Wars' Battle of the Teutoburg Forest The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest was fought in September 9 AD during the Roman-Germanic Wars (113 BC-439 AD). Armies Commanders Germanic Tribes Arminiusapprox. 10,000-12,000 men Roman Empire Publius Quinctilius Varus20,000-36,000 men Background In 6 AD, Publius Quinctilius Varus was assigned to oversee the consolidation of the new province of Germania. Though an experienced administrator, Varus quickly developed a reputation for arrogance and cruelty. By pursuing policies of heavy taxation and showing disrespect for Germanic culture, he caused many of the Germanic tribes that were allied to Rome to reconsider their position as well as drove neutral tribes to open rebellion. During the summer of 9 AD, Varus and his legions worked to put down various small rebellions along the frontier. In these campaigns, Varus led three legions (XVII, XVIII, and XIX), six independent cohorts, and three squadrons of cavalry. A formidable army, it was further supplemented by allied German troops including those of the Cherusci tribe led by Arminius. A close advisor of Varus, Arminius had spent time in Rome as a hostage during which he had been educated in the theories and practice of Roman warfare. Aware that Varus policies were causing unrest, Arminius secretly worked to unite many of the Germanic tribes against the Romans. As fall approached, Varus began moving the army from the Weser River towards its winter quarters along the Rhine. En route, he received reports of uprisings which required his attention. These were fabricated by Arminius who may have suggested that Varus move through the unfamiliar Teutoburg Forest to accelerate the march. Before moving out, a rival Cheruscan nobleman, Segestes, told Varus that Arminius was plotting against him. Varus dismissed this warning as the manifestation of a personal feud between the two Cheruscans. Prior to the army moving out, Arminius departed under the pretext of rallying more allies. Death in the Woods Advancing, the Roman army was strung out in a marching formation with camp followers interspersed. Reports also indicate that Varus neglected to send out scouting parties to prevent an ambush. As the army entered the Teutoburg Forest, a storm broke and a heavy rain began. This, along with poor roads and rough terrain, stretched the Roman column to between nine to twelve miles long. With the Romans struggling through the forest, the first Germanic attacks began. Conducting hit and run strikes, Arminius men picked away at the strung out enemy. Aware that the wooded terrain prevented the Romans from forming for battle, the Germanic warriors worked to gain local superiority against isolated groups of legionaries. Taking losses through the day, the Romans constructed a fortified camp for the night. Pushing forward in the morning, they continued to suffer badly before reaching open country. Seeking relief, Varus began moving towards the Roman base at Halstern which was 60 miles to the southwest. This required re-entering wooded country. Enduring the heavy rain and continued attacks, the Romans pushed on through the night in an effort to escape. The next day, the Romans were faced with a trap prepared by the tribes near Kalkriese Hill. Here the road was constricted by a large bog to the north and the wooded hill to the south. In preparation for meeting the Romans, the Germanic tribesmen had built ditches and walls blocking the road. With few choices remaining, the Romans began a series of assaults against the walls. These were repulsed and in the course of the fighting Numonius Vala fled with the Roman cavalry. With Varus men reeling, the Germanic tribes swarmed over the walls and attacked. Slamming into the mass of Roman soldiers, the Germanic tribesmen overwhelmed the enemy and began a mass slaughter. With his army disintegrating, Varus committed suicide rather than be captured. His example was followed by many of his higher ranking officers. Aftermath of the Battle of Teutoburg Forest While exact numbers are not known, it is estimated that between 15,000-20,000 Roman soldiers were killed in the fighting with additional Romans take prisoner or enslaved. Germanic losses are not known with any certainty. The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest saw the complete destruction of three Roman legions and badly angered Emperor Augustus. Stunned by the defeat, Rome began preparing for new campaigns into Germania which began in 14 AD. These ultimately recaptured the standards of the three legions defeated in the forest. Despite these victories, the battle effectively halted Roman expansion at the Rhine.

Ontological Arguments About The Divine Command Theory Of Morality Essay

Ontological Arguments About The Divine Command Theory Of Morality - Essay Example Plato argues against every other theory that beats the logic of God in that God can only condemn something because it is wrong and something is condemned by the gods because it is wrong. Plato goes disowns the theory by bringing out a logical argument based on what he believes to the truth, especially on the concept of right and wrong and their relationship with the gods. On this topic, he brings up the issue of morality and immorality and the views of the gods on it based on why an action can be moral or immoral based on his argument with Euthyphro. In this case, he asks what if the gods considered what they asked to be done as the correct thing, despite being an immoral thing and one that inflicts pain and suffering amongst the people. In his objection against the theory, Plato argues the theory because it means that the gods that determine morality and human behavior by vouching for or criticizing it. For this reason, the foundation of morality in the case of the divine command th eory of morality, morality becomes an arbitrary issue (Austin). ... Logically, this does not make sense since Plato believes in a state of unambiguity, where such dilemmas do not come up; thus, there must be another form that guides morality. Another argument, by Plato against divine command theory of morality, is that if gods do not call the arbitral change in morality, then they must be mere spectators. This is to mean that they just act as beings with the ability to recognize right and wrong, and cannot direct ethics, which is based on the argument that the gods condemn something because it is wrong. To Plato, this is another absurd idea and basis of morality as it puts the gods at the same as a man; because man can also recognize right from wrong based on the law.

Comparing and Contrasting Christianity and Catholicism Research Paper

Comparing and Contrasting Christianity and Catholicism - Research Paper Example   However, regrettably, Protestants have often been heard saying, â€Å"Catholics are not Christians,† but Catholics have never, to the best of this student’s knowledge, been heard to retaliate. As a starting point, and without digging deeply into theological tenants, it might help for comparison and contrasting purposes to get a simple definition of Christian. The Evangelical Church of America (2011) states that â€Å"Christianity is one of the world’s major monotheistic religions. Christians believe in Jesus Christ and follow his teachings. We believe that Jesus is God’s own son, sent to become human. As the son of God, Jesus is divine.† So using this simple and incomplete definition of Christianity, a look is in order to find what differences may exist between Catholics and Christians. To this student, the answer to a question on â€Å"Is There a Difference Between Catholic and Christian† (2011) tells the whole story. It says, â€Å"There are many Christian denominations and churches Catholic, Presbyterian, Methodist. Being a member of one doesn’t determine whether one is a Christian. The real issue is whether the person has Jesus living inside of him...If they actually have a personal relationship with God.† Note that this author also lists Catholics with various Protestant denominations. Looking for differences between Christianity and Catholicism, one can find a few, most of the little consequence. For instance, Catholics believe in seven Sacraments (holy moments); namely, baptism, Eucharist, confirmation, marriage, ordination, reconciliation/confession and anointing of the sick, which not all Christian denominations do. Furthermore, Catholics believe that Saint Mary, the greatest saint of all, and did not sin while other Christians, although respecting Mary as the mother of Jesus believe that she sinned the same as anyone else.  Ã‚